Fatigue in diabetes mellitus : testing a middle range theory of well-being derived from Neuman's theory of optimal client system stability and the Neuman's systems model

The purpose of this study was to test a middle range theory of well-being in adults with diabetes mellitus derived from Neuman’s Theory of Optimal Client System Stability and the Neuman Systems Model. The relationships among stress, well-being, and fatigue in adults living with diabetes mellitus were examined to test the theory that disruption in well-being in adults living with the stress of diabetes mellitus leads to greater fatigue. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 87 adults with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subjects completed a questionnaire packet that was designed to elicit demographic information, a measure of their stress related to living with diabetes mellitus, a measure of the physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual well-being, and a measure of their level of fatigue. Data were analyzed using bivariate correlation and hierarchical multiple regression.