The physiographic provinces in Tennessee are described. Methods for collecting and preservation are included.

Data were analyzed from 266 sample locations ranging from 759 to 1585 m elevation in the central portion of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, in the vicinity of Mt. LeConte, Greenbrier Pinnacle, and Thomas Ridge.

The 266 sample soils were tentatively classified as: Typic Dystrochrepts, 51%; Lithic Dystrochrepts, 14%; Typic Haplumberpts, 15%; Umbric Dystrochrepts, 10%; Lithic Histosols, 4%; Lithic Umbric Dystrochrepts 3%; Fragmental, 2%; and Lithic Umbrepts, 1%.

Sample linear correlations among the soil, site and vegetation characteristics were computed. The highest number of significant vegetation-soil correlations occurred with clay content of the A and B horizons and with ph_w. Most of the general vegetation characteristics were significantly correlated with microtopographic position.

Canopy sample plots were grouped into forest types based on taxa and importance values with the aid of the agglomerative minimum dispersion clustering procedure. The types were: Spruce-Yellow Birch, Yellow Birch-Hemlock, Hemlock-Buckeye, Basswood, Northern Red Oak, Red Maple-Sweet Birch, Red Maple-Northern Red Oak, Yellow Poplar, Chestnut Oak, Oak-Pine, Table-Mountain Pine-Pitch Pine and Table-Mountain Pine. The discreteness of the plot groups (types) was tested by canonical analysis. Vegetation, site and soil characteristics of the 17 forest types were described.

Relative densities of tree taxa in the canopy, sapling and seedling strata were compared to judge the successional stability of the types. Types which had no evidence of past disturbance appeared to be relatively stable, although periodic reproduction apparently had occurred in some plots. Acer rubrum, Quercus prinus, Q. rubra and Oxydendrum arboreum were the most common tree taxa which had replaced American chestnut.

A "topographic site gradient" was constructed based on combinations of potential solar irradiation classes (based on aspect and slope angle) and microtopographic slope positions. Each position along this gradient was assigned a number, termed the "site gradient index" (SGI), which increased toward mesic sites. The samples of each forest type were plotted on axes of elevation and SGI. A composite diagram was made portraying the pattern of most of the types on the SGI -elevation axes. Observable patterns were noted when Umbrepts, Umbric Dystrochrepts and Lithic Dystrochrepts were plotted on the site diagram. Other characteristics showing patterns on the diagram were: percent clay in the B horizon, total vascular taxa, percent shrub cover, tree sapling density, and canopy basal area.

The combined vegetation-site summary contained in the composite site diagram suggests that the Mt. LeConte area departs significantly in detail (if not in basic outline) from the mosaic chart of Whittaker. This suggests that further local studies are needed in the Park to further verify or redefine its outline and / or details.

The ingestive behaviors were studied using ethological observations and a longitudinal food preference test. Observations were obtained as the subjects procured and consumed food items both naturally occurring and introduced into the enclosure. The observed feeding behaviors were discussed in three categories: foraging, predation, and consumption. The foraging behaviors appeared to be uncomplicated and consisted primarily of apparently random walking and use of the front paws to dig and manipulate objects in the enclosure. Olfactory scanning was integrated with locomotion and use of the paws. Predatory behaviors were infrequently observed but are described.

Detailed descriptions of the consumption of the native food items (acorns, blackberries, and grass) were based on motion picture analysis. Visual orientation toward the food items was particularly evident and is considered an important facit of the ingestive behaviors. The bears were also found to be very clean feeders, consuming very little debris.

The preferences for two sets of food items (native food items and non-native food items) was determined during a one year testing program. The bears were found to exhibit definite scalable preferences among both sets of foods. The preferences were significantly correlated between the subjects and were consistent throughout the one year period. The consistency of preference among seasons indicated that the naturally occurring diet of the black bear is controlled by availability of the foods. In the native food test acorns were the most preferred. In the non-native food test fish was the most preferred food.

The foods most highly preferred were rich either in protein or carbohydrates. The carbohydrate preference, unusual for a member of the order Carnivora, is considered a function of the change to herbivorous dietary patterns in the bear.

The research on visual capacities of the captive bears consisted of two discrimination studies. The bears were tested for their abilities to perform discriminations on the basis of hue and pattern using specially designed methods involving small painted containers. The basic task was a two-choice correction procedure with food reinforcement.

The results of the color vision testing indicate that blue was successfully discriminated from gray, green, red, and yellow. Green was successfully discriminated from gray, blue and red. The acquisition of the discriminations was very rapid. The consistency of the hue discrimination and the rapidity of learning indicated that the subjects were very adept at hue discrimination and, most likely, utilized this ability with frequency.

The form discrimination study was designed to assess one bear's abilities to differentiate and recognize patterns. It was found that the ability to choose the correct stimulus was not affected by size of the stimuli, configurational placement, or the introduction of novel negative stimuli. The reversal of backgrounds produced an initial but very short period of confusion.

The retention of the discrimination was found to be perfect after four and eight month delays. The rate of learning the initial discrimination was also very rapid. It was concluded that the bear was very capable of making visual discriminations on the basis of pattern.

1. To develop a series of vegetational classification systems based on the floristics of community strata, overstory structural functional features, and environmental parameter of a region typical of the temperate Tennessee Valley;

2. To examine the suitability of these classification systems for the complex forests of the Tennessee Valley;

3. To develop numerical tools for evaluating classification suitability;

4. To use these tools to seek out natural discontinuities in vegetational patterns.

To achieve these goals six multivariate cluster analysis programs were examined. Preliminary tests brought out undesirable properties in four of them, however, and these were eliminated from further use. The remaining two programs, MINFO and MDISP, were then employed on a data set from Fentress County, Tennessee; and classification hierarchies were built based on overstory, reproduction, shrubs, overstory plus shrubs, ground cover, all species regardless of stratum, structural - functional characteristics, structural - functional plus quantitative vegetational characteristics, and environmental parameters. Three additional subjective, overstory classification systems were also examined -- a TVA forest-type system, a personally derived system, and a system based on three leading dominant species.

Two numerical tools were developed for examining these classification systems. The first tool, the mean indicator score (MIS), is based on the constancy and fidelity of individual species for a particular cluster type. The MIS sums the indicator values (defined in terms of constancy and fidelity) of the species having the strongest affinities for given clusters. The second too, the mean environmental score (MES), sums the response of particular clusters for given environmental parameters. The MIS, then, examines the suitability of a particular classification in terms of floristic affinity, while the MES evaluates in term of environmental response.

When 23 Fentress County classifications were compared on the MES scale, a definite trend was evident; but the individual MES's were statistically not clearly distinguishable. It was concluded, therefore, that the classifications of that particular data set were not readily differentiable in terms of response to the environment. The MIS scale, on the other hand, was much more conclusive, especially when calculations were based on the top 50 indicator species. MINFO classifications of ground cover, overstory, shrubs, and overstory plus shruurbs scored the highest. It was, therefore, concluded that any of these strata could be used to develop suitable vegetation classifications. Structural-functional systems and environmental classifications proved to be particularly unsuitable.

All of the classification systems were compared in terms of similarity and were found, in general, to be highly dissimilar. None of the classifications converged on any one interpretation of vegetational patterns.

An attempt was made to recognize natural discontinuities in the vegetation by calculating MIS's at each level of cluster hierarchy. Although the MIS did reach a maximum at an optimal hierarchy level, it was found that the maximum MIS is directly dependent on the weights assigned to fidelity and constancy and is only coincidentally related to the data. Any model that is a function of fidelity and constancy must maximize at a level defined by the constraints of the model rather than by an imposition of the data. If natural discontinuities in the data happen to coincide with maximizing scores for the model, this if fortuitous but is no guarantee that the two will always coincide.

(2) Being a great distance from the center of spread, chestnut trees in the forests of the southern Appalachians were among the last to be attacked by the blight. To determine what tree species are replacing chestnut in the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, 2569j openings in the forest canopy created by the death of the trees and 79 stands, in which chestnut had been a component, were studied.

(3) A total of 5046 trees of 51 species were found in the 2569 openings studied. The most abundant species replacing chestnuts in the Great Smokies were found to be Quercus prinus (17% of all individuals), Q. rubra (16%), Acer rubrum (13%), Tsuga canadensis (6%), Halesia carolina var. monticola (5%), Oxydendrum arboreum (4%), Robinia pseudoacacia (4%), Quercus coccinea (4%), Liriodendron tulipifera (4%), Betula lenta (3%), Quercus alba (2%), Fagus grandifolia (2%), Cornus florida (2%), Pinus rigida (2%), and Quercus velutina (2%). The three leading species, Quercus prinus, Q. rubra, and Acer rubrum comprised 46 per cent of the total individuals. Quercus, comprising a total of 41 percent of all replacement, was the most abundant genus.

(4) In some stands, especially the very mesic cove types, the removal of chestnut resulted in more mesic forest types, genearally including Tsuga canadensis and often Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia fraseri, Halesia carolina var. monticola, Tilia heterophylla and Acer saccharum. On the dry slopes and ridges chestnut is usually being replaced by species more xeric than itself.

(5) The death of chestnuts attacked by the blight was not sudden, but gradual. Occupation of the canopy and soil space once filled by chestnut was usually begun by canopy expansion of co-dominants, growth of advance reproduction, or seedling growth even before the blighted trees were dead. Increment cores revealed that suppressed trees generally took nine to 15 years to reach maximum yearly growth increment following release. Increased annual growth began in approximately 1925-1926, indicating the arrival date of the fungus in the Great Smoky Mountains.

(6) No indication was found that the chestnut will "recover" or regain its former position as a dominant. Forest management practices in regions which once contained chestnut should be predicated on this premise.

(7) The results of this study are in general agreement with those obtained in New England, Pennsylvania, and eslewhere in North Carolina. The unifying taxa that welded the former oak-chestnut association into a unit were Castanea dentata, Quercus prinus, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. coccinea, Acer rubrum, and Carya supp. Carya was of minor importance in the forests of the Great Smoky Mountains. Because Chestnut is being replaced mainly by various species of oak, mainly Quercus prinus and Q. rubra, it is believed that the former oak-chestnut forest association will eventually develop into an oak association -complex.

The vascular vegetation of the southern Appalachians is well known, due to the important works of Cain (1935), Whittaker (1956), and others. Studies in the spruce-fir zone of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park are exceptionally complete (Cain, 1935; Crandall, 1958; Schofield, 1960). The knowledge of the bryoecology of the boreal coniferous zone is not, however, so adequate. Sharp (1939) has provided an excellent bryophyte flora of eastern Tennessee, and Cain and Sharp (1938) did important exploratory work in which many of the bryophyte communities recognized in this study were described.

The present report is based upon researches made on the bryophyte communities of the major substrates in the spruce-fir zone of the southern Appalachians. It attempts to deal now only with the vegetational compostion of each community but also with a description of the frequency of that bryophyte community in the plant association as a whole. The studies were made from 1958 to 1963 during all months of the year, but primarily in summer and fall. Most of the work was done in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, but excursion were also made to most of the other mountainous areas in North Carolina and Tennessee which have a forest dominated by boreal conifers. The spruce-fir forest of the Adirondacks of New York was also visited for comparative studies. In the Smokies every area of spruce and fir accessible by trail was seen at least once. The region on Forney Ridge between Mt. Kephart and Siler Bald, and the Mt. LeConte area were most intensively studied because of their easy accessibility. Figure 1, adapted from Crandall (1957), illustrates the location of spruce and fir in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and maps the location of some of the places mentioned in this paper.

The data obtained in this study have laid a foundation for more intensive examination of particular communities, using objective methods of classifying and quantifying vegetation instead of this very subjective ones here used.

Caffeic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, hydroquinone, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-pinene, phloroglucinol, rhododendrol, and vanillic acid were isolated and identified from canopy drip, leaves, litter, roots, and soil of the two heath balds. Bioassays run with aqueous leachates of heath bald litter and soil produced varying degrees of radicle reduction in three test species. Long-term inhibition by heath bald soils was confirmed in greenhouse experiments. Field studies demonstrated that environmental forces increased the allelopathic effectiveness of heath bald soils on seedling growth and survival.

Influx of seed from surrounding forests was sufficient to sustain invasion pressure against both heath balds.

Allelopathic interference delays successional replacement of Rhododendron catawbiense heath balds represent stable communities that employ allelopathic interference to arrest succession and maintain themselves. Communities of this type can be expected to persist in the southern Appalachian forests.

Investigations of southern Appalachian heath balds revealed that these communities are more diverse and more involved in the succession of the regional vegetation than has been previously recognized. Key words: allelopathy, interference, heath balds, phytotoxins, inhibition, persistence, stability, resilience, Rhododendron, Kalmia, phenols, Appalachian, seed rain, litterfall, root biomass, succession.

The coolant temperature profile was measured along the running length of the absorber. The interface temperature of the falling film was measured with a new technique using thermographic phosphors. Information gleaned from the coolant measurements led to the development of a predictive algorithm. The algorithm was validated against the experimental data from this study and also from data published in the open literature. The algorithm predicts the absorber load and the mass absorbed within ± 10 and ± 14%, respectively.

The data, for testing of aqueous LiBr at 0.62 and 0.64 mass fraction of LiBr, were reduced to nondimensional parameters and were successfully correlated into both Nusselt and Sherwood formulations. The average absolute error in the Nusselt correlation is about ± 3.5% of Nu number reduced from the experimental data. The Sherwood correlation is about ± 5% of the reduced Sh data. The data by Grossman and Alefeld (1996) were reduced to the author's Nu and Sh formulations, and were within 5% of the correlations developed in the present study.

The hydrodynamics of the falling film, the absorber load, the mass absorbed, transport coefficients, and pertinent absorption data are presented as functions of the Re, Pr, Sc, Ja and Ka numbers. The data will prove useful in establishing design guidelines for the improvement in combined heat and mass exchangers.

The dissertation is presented in seven chapters. The first chapter introduces the gas turbine engine and discusses its operation. Out of this discussion falls the reason for striving for a mathematical model and computer simulation of the gas turbine engine. Previous efforts at providing a mathematical model and computer simulation of the gas turbine engine are summarized in the second chapter, with particular focus given to their contribution to the advancement of the state-of-the-art in gas turbine engine modeling. It is shown that the current state-of-the-art is advanced by the development of the ATEC model and simulation. The third chapter of the dissertation provides an overview of the mathematical approach taken within ATEC. The general philosophy of the ATEC mathematical model is discussed, and the method of solving the governing equations using both an explicit and implicit equation solver is presented. The third chapter of the dissertation also describes the various component mathematical models which provide the turbomachinery source terms to the Euler equations. The fourth chapter of the dissertation provides operational verification of the ATEC simulation. The various component models are exercised for representative test cases to demonstrate the functionality of each model and the results provided by the models are appropriate. The fifth chapter of the dissertation presents the results of calibration efforts. It is here that the ATEC simulation results are compared to pertinent data sets. It is shown that with the proper tuning of the various component models, simulation results can be obtained that match the engine test data over the entire engine system to within three percent during a transient event. During a dynamic event, it is shown that ATEC will predict the overall frequency magnitude of the engine response. The ATEC simulation was also shown to match the overall trends of a engine start sequence. The dissertation concludes with two chapters that summarize the previous five chapters and present recommendations for future efforts.

For successful feeding the balsam woolly aphid required modification of the tight, smooth, gray bark characteristics of young vigorously growing Fraser fir trees. These modifications were in the form of lenticels and splitting of the bark. Fir trees with slow growth rates associated with high stand densities had rougher bark and more lenticels per unit area than trees growing in open, less competitive conditions.

The wound healing processes within the bark were studied by observing the rate of formation on non-suberized impervious tissue and necrophylactic periderm following mechanical wounding. Sampling was conducted along an elevational gradient and a stand density gradient. Open-grown trees at low elevations showed the fastest rates of healing (17 days), whereas trees growing at the highest elevations required 26 days to heal. At the same elevation, open-grown trees formed necrophylactic periderm an average of 5 days sooner than forest-grown trees. Wounding combined with injection of selected plant growth substances (some of which are suspected of being secreted by the aphid while feeding) was also investigated. All treatments utilizing auxin-like compounds (indole-3-acetic acid and naphthaleneacetic acid) required 11 more days for periderm formation than for the control of mechanical wounding only. Treatments utilizing a gibberellin and a cytokinin formed necrophylactic periderm at the same rate as the control. Additionally, histological examination of aphid feeding sites failed to reveal a single case of necrophylactic periderm formation around the feeding zone. Thus, the balsam woolly aphid was able to inhibit the normal defense mechanism of Fraser firs following penetration of the living bark tissue by the insect's stylet.

The distribution of size classes of dead beach stems reveals a primary unstable size group (0.1 to 6.0 cm) and primary stable, secondary stable, and unstable size groups. The general features of the distribution curve are similar to those with constant mortality rates. The implications of the high mortality of small stems (0-6 cm diameters) and the high density and low density patches for release and competition are discussed. The mosaic pattern of beech distribution is thought to be the result of cyclic regeneration.

The proportion of dead beech is not different significantly between north- and south-facing slopes, but it is significantly different among stands and between aspects within the stand. No directional trend can be demonstrated for aspect differences. The proportion of non-beech species was significantly different between north- and south-facing slopes (21% vs. 11%), among sites, and between aspects within sites. These differences when added to characteristics of the survivorship curves and the distribution of spruce in the stands suggest that the south-facing stands are under environmental stress.

The distribution of stems was studied by analysis of variance and my Morisita's (1959) index of dispersion analysis. From the analysis of variance, several sizes of primary patches and mosaics were detected in all stands. The regular distribution pattern of individual stems and clumps of stems was revealed, as was some random distribution and several scales of aggregated pattern. North-facing sites had more randomly distributed stems among all trees and among all beech. No random distribution was found in the subareas nearest the ridge crests in the south-facing sites. Living beech was more randomly distributed than were all trees or all beech. Morisita's index reveals similar patterns, but it showed more regularity of pattern. Greig-Smith's (1964) method was more convenient for detecting and interpreting the mosaic pattern and for determining average size of clump and single clump area.

The complicated structure and dynamics of these stands are very strongly controlled by the root suckering of the sole dominant, beech. The dynamics of the stands are revealed by inferred survivorship and mosaic pattern in different size classes to be strongly controlled by changes in micro-environmental pattern and competition during growth of clumps. Maintenance of these deciduous island communities in the boreal conifer forests is possible largely because of rapid and cyclic regeneration in a complicated mosaic.

Hawthorne draws portraits of ruthless men -- a Judge Pyncheon, who will stop at nothing to gain power; the empty political "dandy"-- a Feathertop, who is all artifice but can still fool the populace; and the demagogue who cares only for advancement at all cost. Also there is the special man who can, at last, subordinate a drive for power to his moral demands -- a Lincoln. Even in his "solitary chamber" and in those sketches which, at first glance, seem the most removed from the actual busy world, Hawthorne was considering and opposing the prevalent nineteenth-century notion that in America men could begin the construction of a new paradise, a new Eden, unburdened by any connection with history. On the contrary, Hawthorne was saying that only by searching the past does man discern the limits of human nature within which the democratic dream can be fulfilled.

The figure which finally emerges is that of a man who is a genuine "man of the people," "a true democrat," but he was also an opponent to all the sweeping reforms of his age, reforms which appeared to be designed for the elevation of the individual in society. Here is the paradox, and its resolution is to be found in Hawthorne's concept of true democratic principles. In his works, one finds a philosophic apologetic for political democracy which is based not on a belief in man's perfectability but on a recognition of man's limitations. Further, Hawthorne viewed man as a creature born in sin but capable of regeneration and great good. Nonetheless, at the deepest level of human nature, the fact of sin negates the assumption of authority by one man over another; therefore, Hawthorne's opposition to certain reform movements is clear when that measure suggests one man's control of another. Progress must be an organic growth, Hawthorne suggests, not a series of reformist spasms by those misfits who have set themselves apart from society, who have alienated themselves from a world they hoped to change through egoistic and elitist measures.

1. The Conasauga Group presents classic examples of isopic and heteropic facies.

2. The lithology of the individual formations of the Conasauga Group is remarkably similar in both thrust belts.

3. The carbonate units of the Conasauga Group thicken eastward and southeastward and the claystone units thicken westward and northwestward.

4. The Pumpkin Valley Shale is a transitional unit which has a Rome lithology in the lower half of the formation and Conasauga-type lithologies in the upper one-half of the unit.

5. The Rogersville Shale thins to less than four feet in the northeastern part of the study and the Rutledge and Maryville formations merge to form Honaker Dolomite.

6. The Bradley Creek Limestone Member of the Nolichucky Formation thickens to the southeast of the Carter Valley strike belt. The Bradley Creek Member may be a northward extending tongue (lithostrome) of the Maryville Limestone which occurs south of the Pulaski fault.

Cyclic voltammetry at microelectrodes was used in conjunction with spectroelectrochemistry for the study of oxidation-reduction (redox) couples. In some cases additional analytical techniques were applied for identification of electrochemically generated oxidation state species; these included solution absorption, solid-state reflectance, and laser Raman spectroscopies, X-ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetric-mass spectral analyses, radiochemical measurements, and spectrophotometric and potentiometric redox titrimetry.

The formal reduction potential (E°') values of the M(III)/M(II) redox couples in 1 M KCl at pH 6 were found by voltammetry to be -0.34 ± 0.01 V for Eu, -1.18 ± 0.01 V for Yb, and -1.50 ± 0.01 V for Sm. Spectropotentiostatic determination of E°' for the Eu(III)/Eu(II) redox couple yielded a value of -0.391 ± 0.005 V. Spectropotentiostatic measurement of the Ce(IV)/Ce(III) redox couple in concentrated carbonate solution gave E°'equal to 0.051 ± 0.005 V, which is about 1.7 V less positive than the E°' value in noncomplexing solution. This same difference in potential was observed for the E°' values of the Pr(IV)/Pr(III) and Tb(IV)/Tb(III) redox couples in carbonate solution, and thus Pr(IV) and Tb(IV) were stabilized in this medium. The solution absorption spectra and redox properties of these aqueous species are reported. A solid Tb(IV)-containing compound was also prepared at an RVC electrode in carbonate solution.

The U(VI)/U(V)/U(IV) and U(IV)/U(III) redox couples were studied in 1 M KCl at OTE's. ²³⁷Np, ²⁴³Am, and ²⁴⁸Cm were studied in containment gloved box facilities. Spectropotentiostatic measurement of the Np(VI)/Np(V) redox couple in 1 M HCl0₄ gave an E°' value of 1.140 ± 0.005 V. Np(VII) was generated by electrolysis of Np(VI) in 2 M Na₂C0₃ at pH 13, and the solution absorption and laser Raman spectra were recorded, and an E°' value of 0.46 ± 0.01 V for the Np(VII)/Np(VI) couple was found by voltammetry.

Oxidation of Am(III) was studied in concentrated carbonate solution, and a reversible cyclic voltammogram for the Am(IV)/Am(III) couple yielded E°' = 0.92 ± 0.01 V in this medium; this value was used to estimate the standard reduction potential (E°) of the couple as 2.62 ± 0.01 V. The solution absorption spectrum and redox behavior of Am(IV) were compared to those of Am(V) and Am(VI) in this same medium.

Attempts to oxidize Cm(III) in concentrated carbonate solution were not successful which suggests that the predicted E° value for the Cm(IV)/Cm(III) redox couple may be in error.

The primary purpose of this study of Mary Shelley's novels, however, is to trace the influence that her father and his works had upon her writing. A writer and his work are so closely intertwined that it is not always possible to separate the one from the other. This is especially true of Godwin and Mary because the novels of both are filled with autobiographical and biographical elements which must be accounted for in order to reveal the influence they had on each other. For this reason, the study begins with a biographical sketch of the father and daughter with emphasis placed upon those events and circumstances in their lives which had an effect on their writing of fiction.

The present-day reader who is not familiar with Godwin's philosophy would not notice the most prevalent similarity between the two: the ideas--the philosophies--run very nearly parallel throughout their novels. The comparison between the two thus begins with Godwin's ideas and shows how they are carried out in his novels and also in Mary's. The major source used for determining Godwin's ideas is his formal treatise, Enquiry concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on Morals and Happiness (1793). Their aesthetic techniques are next analyzed by widely known and used critical criteria. In conclusion, the study reveals a striking similarity between both their ideas and techniques, thereby substantiating the claim of the author of this work that Godwin's ideas, as set forth in Political Justice, and the literary techniques of his fiction form the foundation on which his daughter's novels rest.

Fungi usually occur in naturally disturbed areas with windbreaks and windthrows. Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Phellinus, and Perenniporia are the most common.decay fungi. Hirschioporus and stereoid fungi play important roles in decomposition of recently dead trees, and when they give way, corticioid fungi follow to colonize leftover substrates. Red spruce and Fraser fir are the most important hosts, and two thirds of the fungi collected occur on these trees. Red spruce is affected at mature and old stages, and Fraser fir at younger stages. Elevational distribution of these fungi agrees with that of their host trees. The fungal flora of the spruce-fir forest is different from those of the cove hardwoods forest of Cades Cove and the pine-hardwoods forest of John Knox Camp.

By employing a composite approach this dissertation attempts a broad evaluation of the impact of tourism. The destination life-cycle approach developed by geographers, in which tourists destinations are viewed as evolving through a series of identifiable stages in the process of development, is utilized. Statistical data from local, state, and federal sources are then used to analyze second and third order economic effects as they have changed over time with the development of tourism. Interviews and secondary local sources provide additional data for evaluation.

Although tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world and is being embraced by many communities as a means of rapid economic development, this study concludes that it should be adopted with caution because it has significant limitations in bringing about improvement in well being for native residents. While tourism can provide a preferable alternative to no development, controls and planning can help ensure that an inequitable distribution of costs and benefits is kept to a minimum and that the potential for economic diversity is enhanced.

Data were collected from 168 small private college chief student affairs officers using a researcher developed survey instrument. The data were analyzed using chi-square analysis, Cramer’s V, and descriptive statistics.

Findings indicated respondents were most likely to assess resource use to achieve institutional goals and missions, but least likely to measure active engagement or student learning. Respondents used assessment data frequently for accreditation, strategic planning, and mission achievement, yet infrequently for external accountability, personnel evaluation or resource acquisition. Respondents had a high degree of familiarity with the Principles of Good Practice for Student Affairs (ACPA & NASPA, 1997), yet a low level of expertise in assessment, with 6 in 10 rating their expertise as moderate to very poor. Respondents faced challenges that limited their ability to engage assessment, most notably, a lack of knowledge, skills, or training to perform assessment consonant with the recommendations in the literature.

The findings of this study raise questions about the prioritization of assessment by small private institutions and the need for instruction and preparation in order for student affairs professionals to perform assessment.

Six theoretical concepts of time, attitude, building relationships, welcoming, feeling safe and cultural competence, and the two core categories of creating safety and developing cultural competence emerged from the data. Out of these, came the final theoretical scheme: In order for the Library to be able to provide relevant materials and services to the homeless LGBTQ youth, it is necessary for the Library to be perceived as an emotionally safe and welcoming space by both the youth and the service providers. In addition, the librarians need to feel both physically and emotionally safe in providing this space. To create this safety requires shared cultural competence between the Library and the other two groups. This theoretical scheme offers guidance to librarians committed to the human rights issue of LGBTQ youth homelessness and interested in providing appropriate services.

Suggestions for future research include extending this research to other cities and libraries; developing and piloting cultural competence training for all three groups; further research into existing partnerships between public libraries and service providers for homeless LGBTQ youth; research focusing on public libraries and the lives and needs of homeless transgender youth, as well as other underserved populations; and, research that examines services to young adults, ages 18 to 24, whose specific needs are not currently being routinely addressed by public libraries.